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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2019 | Volume
: 12
| Issue : 2 | Page : 57-64 |
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Study of fourier transform infrared of adding metallic nanofillers on heat cure acrylic resin treated by microwave
Makarem M Abdulkareem1, Amer A Taqa2, Nadira A Hatim3
1 Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Karbala, Iraq
2 Department of Basic Science, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Iraq
3 Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Iraq
| Date of Web Publication | 27-Mar-2019 |
Correspondence Address:
Prof Amer A Taqa
Department of Dental Basic Science, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul
Iraq
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | 2 |
DOI: 10.4103/HMJ.HMJ_70_18
Background: Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) has been the most popular material for the construction of denture bases since 1937. This is largely due to its favourable although not ideal characteristics. Aims of the study: To study the structural characterisation using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) of adding aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and silver nanofillers on heat cure acrylic powder treated with microwave radiation and microwave-treated PMMA powder ground by micronizer. Materials and Methods: PMMA powder was treated with microwave radiation at a power level of 360 watt for ¾ h. The obtained PMMA powder was then grinded using a domestic blender group (V). The next step is particle size reduction of the microwave-treated PMMA powder using micronizer group (M). Two concentrations of Al2O3and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were added separately into untreated PMMA powder group (P) and microwave-treated PMMA powder group (V and M) compared with the control group. The structural characterisations of all experimental groups are determined by FTIR. The samples were divided into 15 groups, one sample for each group. Results: The FTIR analysis has confirmed that the structural behaviour of both microwave and micronizer groups showed that there were no changes in the regions of the band locations for C=C and C=O when compared with the control one. The infrared spectra of all acrylic groups with (Al2O3and Ag) NPs additives showed all of the unique peaks attributed to the PMMA. These bands appeared in the same regions of the acrylic except the carbon double bond carbon (C=C) were absent in the infrared spectrometer chart. Conclusion: The FTIR test charts provide strong evidence that there are no chemical changes in all experimental groups. Except for the C=C band from the methacrylate group did not appear in samples containing NPs, which in turn indicates that the residual monomer of these groups is remarkably decreased.
Keywords: Fourier transform infrared, micronizer, microwave, nanoparticles, polymethylmethacrylate powder
How to cite this article:
Abdulkareem MM, Taqa AA, Hatim NA. Study of fourier transform infrared of adding metallic nanofillers on heat cure acrylic resin treated by microwave. Hamdan Med J 2019;12:57-64 |
How to cite this URL:
Abdulkareem MM, Taqa AA, Hatim NA. Study of fourier transform infrared of adding metallic nanofillers on heat cure acrylic resin treated by microwave. Hamdan Med J [serial online] 2019 [cited 2023 Mar 29];12:57-64. Available from: http://www.hamdanjournal.org/text.asp?2019/12/2/57/241305 |
| Introduction | |  |
One of the most widely used materials in prosthetic dentistry for the processing of dentures is polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). This material is not ideal but has optimal properties such as its low cost, low weight and acceptable aesthetics that are responsible for its popularity.[1]
Microwave heating, which uses electromagnetic energy in the frequency range 300–3000 MHz, can be used successfully to heat many dielectric materials.[2] The microwave is extensively accepted as an efficient and non-ionised electromagnetic energy source in several different fields of polymerisation reactions such as step-growth, ring-opening and radical polymerisations. Its specific heating method attracts extensive interest because of rapid volumetric heating, suppressed side reactions, energy saving, direct heating, decreased environmental pollutions and safe operations.[3]
More attention was directed towards the incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) into PMMA to improve its properties. The properties of polymer nanocomposites depend on the type of incorporated NPs, their size and shape as well as the concentration and interaction with the polymer matrix.[4]
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a very useful tool for molecular characterisation and for following chemical reactions.[5] In particular, FTIR spectroscopy is a well-established technique to characterise polymers.[6]
The vibrational spectrum of a molecule is considered to be a unique physical property and is characteristic of the molecule. As such, the infrared spectrum can be used as a fingerprint for identification by the comparison of the spectrum from an 'unknown' with previously recorded reference spectra.[7] FTIR is one of the most widely used techniques for the measurement of conversion degree in dental composites. The degree of conversion is expressed as a percentage of unreacted C=C bonds.[8],[9]
| Materials And Methods | | |
PMMA powder treated with microwave radiation and grinded with micronizer, and the obtained PMMA powder is given the symbol group (V and M), respectively. Two concentrations (0.5% and 1%) of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) (α-phase) with an average diameter of 20–30 nm and silver NPs with an average diameter of 80 nm obtained from (Beijing Dk nanotechnology co., Ltd) were added separately into the obtained microwave-treated PMMA powder (group V and M) in addition to the untreated PMMA as a control group (P). To get uniform distribution of these NPs inside the polymer, the capsule of the amalgamator (Dentomat, Degussa, Type 600, Germany) was modified by attaching small covered plastic bottle, into which the PMMA powder and NPs are placed and the amalgamator turned-on for 1 min to ensure homogenises the distribution of NPs inside the polymer; monomer was later added according to the ratio recommended by the manufacturer.[10]
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test
Acrylic plastic plate samples with a dimension of (10 mm × 4 mm × 4 mm) ±0.03 mm length, width and thickness, respectively, were prepared for this test.[11],[12] The FTIR spectroscopy was carried out by CL alpha-P FTIR spectroscopy in the University of Mosul, College of Dentistry, Department of Basic Sciences. Fifteen samples were prepared for FTIR with one sample for each group of the tested materials. The samples were scraped using a sharp knife to form small pieces of acrylic resin to obtain a clear FTIR spectrum. Then, 1 mg of the polymerised scraped powder placed in the sample beam of the spectrometer. The specimens were placed on the diamond set, and FTIR spectra of the samples were recorded and viewed on the computer device.
| Results | | |
In the FTIR charts, two important absorbance peaks appeared (the absorbance of the C=C bond from the methacrylate group which appear around 1636 cm−1 and the absorbance peak of the C=O from the ester carbonyl group appear around 1720 cm−1).
[Figure 1] shows the infrared spectrometer chart of the control acrylic group (P); a strong intense peak C=O stretching was observed at 1719 cm−1. There is a distinct absorption band at 1140 cm−1, which can be attributed to the C–O–C stretching vibration. Carbon-to-carbon double bonds C=C were observed at 1636 cm−1. 1237 cm−1 is assigned to C–O stretching modes. The band at 1434 cm−1 can be attributed to the bending vibration of the C–H bonds of the –CH3 group. The band at 2948 cm−1 can be assigned to the C–H bond stretching vibrations of the –CH2 group.
The FTIR chart of groups (V and M) showed that there were no changes in the regions of the band locations for C=C and C=O when compared with the control one, as shown in [Figure 2] and [Figure 3]. The infrared spectra of all acrylic groups with (Al2O3 and Ag) NPs additives showed all of the unique peaks attributed to the PMMA. These bands have appeared in the same regions of the acrylic except the carbon double bond carbon (C=C) was absent in the infrared spectrometer chart as shown in [Table 1]. The band of NPs additives did not appear in the spectrum because the spectra of NPs appeared between 200 and 400 cm−1 and this bands out of the range of machine used. The FTIR charts for all the experimental groups are apparent in [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9], [Figure 10], [Figure 11], [Figure 12], [Figure 13], [Figure 14], [Figure 15]. | Figure 2: Infrared spectrometer chart of the acrylic samples prepared from microwave radiation-treated polymethylmethacrylate powder group (v)
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 | Figure 3: Infrared spectrometer chart of the acrylic samples prepared from microwave-treated polymethylmethacrylate and grinded with micronizer group (M)
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 | Table 1: The frequency (cm−1) of the main Fourier transform infrared band for the controlled polymethylmethacrylate and experimental groups
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 | Figure 4: Infrared spectrometer chart of the untreated acrylic sample mixed with 0.5% Al2O3( PAl2O30.5%)
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 | Figure 5: Infrared spectrometer chart of the untreated acrylic sample mixed with 1% Al2O3(PAl2O31%)
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 | Figure 6: Infrared spectrometer chart of the untreated acrylic sample mixed with 0.5% Ag (PAg 0.5%)
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 | Figure 7: Infrared spectrometer chart of the untreated acrylic sample mixed with 1%Ag (PAg 1%)
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 | Figure 8: Infrared spectrometer chart of the microwave-treated acrylic powder group (v) mixed with 0.5% Al2O3 (VAl2O3 0.5%)
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 | Figure 9: Infrared spectrometer chart of the microwave-treated acrylic powder group (v) mixed with 1% Al2O3 (VAl2O3 1%)
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 | Figure 10: Infrared spectrometer chart of the microwave-treated acrylic powder group (V) mixed with 0.5% Ag (VAg 0.5%)
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 | Figure 11: Infrared spectrometer chart of the microwave-treated acrylic powder group (V) mixed with 1% Ag (VAg 1%)
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 | Figure 12: Infrared spectrometer chart of the microwave and icronizer-treated acrylic powder group (M) mixed with 0.5% Al2O3(MAl2O30.5%)
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 | Figure 13: Infrared spectrometer chart of the microwave and icronizer-treated acrylic powder group (M) mixed with 1% Al2O3(MAl2O31%)
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 | Figure 14: Infrared spectrometer chart of the microwave and micronizer-treated acrylic powder group (M) mixed with 0.5% Ag(MAg 0.5%)
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 | Figure 15: Infrared spectrometer chart of the microwave and micronizer-treated acrylic powder group (M) mixed with 1% Ag (MAg 1%)
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| Discussion | | |
The FTIR spectra showed the main expected bands characterizing the vibrational spectrum of PMMA; these findings agree with the previous researchers.[13],[14],[15],[16]
The FTIR charts for the control group (P) and the microwave-treated group (V) showed that there were no changes in the bands location for the C=C and C=O of the polymer treated with microwave radiation when compared with the control one. These findings are in agreement with those of Taqa et al.,[16] even though increasing the exposure time of microwave radiation to PMMA powder in the present study. Further decreasing in the particle size of the heat cure acrylic powder group (M), the FTIR charts showed no changes in the bands location for the C=C and C=O of the obtained polymer group (M) when compared with control one, thus providing strong evidence that there are no chemical changes in the treated powder group (V) and group (M) when compared with the control group (P).
From the infrared spectrometer chart in the present investigation, it can be seen that the C=C band from the methacrylate group which observed around 1636 cm−1 did not appear in samples containing NPs (Al2O3 and Ag) in both concentrations used in this study, which in turns indicates that the residual monomer of these groups is remarkably decreased; this result agrees with previously published articles.[17],[18]
In addition, there are no noticeable shifts in the peaks (in terms of wavenumbers) between the neat PMMA and the PMMA stabilized NPs, demonstrating that the interaction between the NPs and the PMMA probably occurs through a physical force rather than a chemical bonding.[19] Based on the above discussions, it can be indicated that there are only physical interactions between the components and absence of any chemical-bond formation.
| Conclusion | | |
The FTIR test charts provide strong evidence that there are no chemical changes in all experimental groups. Except for the C=C band from the methacrylate group did not appear in samples containing NPs which in turn indicates that the residual monomer of these groups is remarkably decreased.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9], [Figure 10], [Figure 11], [Figure 12], [Figure 13], [Figure 14], [Figure 15]
[Table 1]
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